Abstract

An investigation for a sustainable, safe and cheaper phthalic acid synthesis method was carried out with waste Gmelina arborea leaves. The dried leaves were hydrothermally decomposed using a barium chloride catalyst. The reaction was carried out with 0.25 g and 0.50 g catalyst loading respectively. The effect of reaction temperature on phthalic acid yield was investigated. Samples of the dehydrated products were analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectroscope to determine the chemical components. The results of phthalic acid obtained were as follows; at 60 oC, 116.8 and 188.6 mg/g, at 70 oC, 187.4g and 190.2 mg/g, at 80 oC, 295.6 and 230.8 mg/g and at 90 oC, 197.0 and 326.6 mg/g over 0.25 g and 0.50g of the catalyst respectively. The catalyst loading of 0.25 g has a maximum yield of 295.6 mg/g at 80 oC, but the yield using 0.50 g catalyst loading increases with temperature. Hence, this method for the synthesis of phthalic acid is cost-effective, sustainable, harmless and favourable for large-scale production and energy saving.

Keywords: Advance Research, Barium chloride, Catalyst Phthalic acid, synthesis, Waste Gmelina arborea leaves

[sdm_download id=\\\”11625\\\” fancy=\\\”1\\\”]

References

Benjamin, S., Pradeep, S., Josh, M. S., Kumar, S., & Masai, E. (2015). A monograph on the remediation of hazardous phthalates. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 298, 58-72.

Bhattacharyya, S. K., & Gulati, I. B. (1958). Catalytic Vapor-phase Oxidation of Xylenes. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, 50(12), 1719-1726.

Clarke, T. J., Kondrat, S. A., & Taylor, S. H. (2015). Total oxidation of naphthalene using copper manganese oxide catalysts. Catalysis Today, 258, 610-615.

Del Olmo, A., Calzada, J., & Nuñez, M. (2017). Benzoic acid and its derivatives as naturally occurring compounds in foods and as additives: Uses, exposure, and controversy. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 57(14), 3084-3103.

Farirai F, Ozonoh M, Aniokete TC, Eterigho-Ikelegbe O, Mupa M, Zeyi B, Daramola MO. Methods of extracting silica and silicon from agricultural waste ashes and application of the produced silicon in solar cells: a mini-review. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering. 2021 Jan 2;14(1):57-78.

Francois, M. R., & Stephen, F. (2015). Phosphorus Compounds. Hamilton & Hardy\\\’s Industrial Toxicology, 383-390. F. (2015). Phosphorus Compounds. Hamilton & Hardy\\\’s Industrial Toxicology, 383-390.

Giarola, S., Romain, C., Williams, C. K., Hallett, J. P., & Shah, N. (2016). Techno-economic assessment of the production of phthalic anhydride from corn stover. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 107, 181-194.

Grouping, P. S., & Esters, L. C. P. (2015). State of the Science Report. Environment, 3648, 20-2.

Harun NY, Han TJ, Vijayakumar T, Saeed A, Afzal MT. Ash deposition characteristics of industrial biomass waste and agricultural residues. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2019 Jan 1; 19:1712-21.

Huang, L., Zhu, X., Zhou, S., Cheng, Z., Shi, K., Zhang, C., & Shao, H. (2021). Phthalic acid esters: Natural sources and biological activities. Toxins, 13(7), 495., L., Zhu, X., Zhou, S., Cheng, Z., Shi, K., Zhang, C., & Shao, H. (2021). Phthalic acid esters: Natural sources and biological activities. Toxins, 13(7), 495.

Ibrahim, H., Jibia, S. A., Mohammed, I., & Magaji, S. Applied Research Journal of Science and Technology International and Multilingual Journal of Science and Technology.

Khemthong P, Yimsukanan C, Narkkun T, Srifa A, Witoon T, Pongchaiphol S, Kiatphuengporn S, Faungnawakij K. Advances in catalytic production of value-added biochemicals and biofuels via furfural platform derived lignocellulosic biomass. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2021 May 1; 148:106033.

Levitt, T. (2021). Morphine Dreams: Auguste Laurent and the Active Principles of Organised Matter. ambix, 68(1), 97-115.

Manin, A. N., Voronin, A. P., Drozd, K. V., Manin, N. G., Bauer-Brandl, A., & Perlovich, G. L. (2014). Cocrystal screening of hydroxybenzamides with benzoic acid derivatives: a comparative study of thermal and solution-based methods. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 65, 56-64.

Ramisetty, K. A., Pandit, A. B., & Gogate, P. R. (2013). Ultrasound-assisted antisolvent crystallization of benzoic acid: effect of process variables supported by theoretical simulations. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 52(49), 17573-17582.

Settle, A. E., Berstis, L., Rorrer, N. A., Roman-Leshkóv, Y., Beckham, G. T., Richards, R. M., & Vardon, D. R. (2017). Heterogeneous Diels–Alder catalysis for biomass-derived aromatic compounds. Green Chemistry, 19(15), 3468-3492.

Tachibana Y, Kimura S, Kasuya KI. Synthesis and verification of biobased terephthalic acid from furfural. Scientific reports. 2015 Feb 4;5(1):8249.

Wisniak, J. (2009). Auguste Laurent. Radical and radicals. Educación química, 20(2), 166-175.

Zaki, G. I. (2015). Determination of phthalate esters in Egyptian PET-bottled water investigated under different storage conditions.

Authors

Haruna Ibrahim

He is a researcher / lecturer in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna-Nigeria

Abubakar M. Ali

He is a researcher / lecturer in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna-Nigeria

Article Metrics

CrossRef Article Metrics